Criminal trials begin with which two presumptions?

In criminal trials, the fundamental presumptions that guide the proceedings are the presumption of innocence and the presumption of sanity. The presumption of innocence means that an individual accused of a crime is considered innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This is a cornerstone of the justice system, ensuring that defendants are treated fairly and equitably throughout the legal process.

The presumption of sanity is also critical, asserting that individuals are presumed to be sane and responsible for their actions unless evidence is presented to suggest otherwise. This presumption places the burden on the defense to demonstrate any mental incapacity that could affect the defendant's responsibility for their actions.

These presumptions are essential in maintaining a fair trial process, focusing on the prosecution's obligation to prove its case while safeguarding the rights of the accused. The other options do not accurately reflect the foundational principles that govern criminal trials.