What types of evidence must always be turned over by the prosecutor to the defense in virtually all jurisdictions?

The requirement for the prosecution to disclose certain types of evidence is rooted in the principle of fair trial rights for the defendant. In virtually all jurisdictions, prosecutors are obligated to turn over all exculpatory evidence, which is evidence that may prove the defendant's innocence or could lead to a reduced sentence or lesser charge, as established by cases like Brady v. Maryland. Additionally, impeachment evidence, which challenges the credibility of witnesses who may testify against the defendant, must also be disclosed. This obligation serves to ensure that the defense can adequately prepare for trial, thus upholding the integrity of the judicial process and the defendant's right to a fair trial.

Both types of evidence—exculpatory and impeachment—are critical to a defense's strategy. The failure to disclose such evidence can lead to significant consequences, including potential appeals and retrials. Recognizing these obligations emphasizes the importance of transparency and fairness in the legal system, ensuring that the prosecution does not hold an unfair advantage over the defense.

In light of this, the other choices do not encompass the same legal and ethical obligations. While physical evidence and witness testimonies may be relevant, their disclosure is not universally mandated in the same way. Hearsay evidence, on the other hand, may